ผลของการเติมถ่านชีวภาพจากแกลบต่อการปลดปล่อยก๊าซแอมโมเนียและคุณภาพของปุ๋ยหมัก
Influence of Rice Husk-derived Biochar Rates on Ammonia Emissions and Quality of Compost
Abstract
การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อประเมินผลของการเติมถ่านชีวภาพจากแกลบในปุ๋ยหมักในอัตรา 0% 20% 40% และ 60% ต่อการปลดปล่อยก๊าซแอมโมเนีย (NH3) และคุณภาพของปุ๋ยหมัก การทดลองดำเนินการในโรงเรือนเป็นเวลา 54 วัน วางแผนการทดลองแบบสุ่มสมบูรณ์ (CRD) จำนวน 4 ซ้ำ โดยใช้ถ่านแกลบที่ผลิตด้วยวิธีการเผาแบบดั้งเดิมผสมกับฟางข้าว และมูลวัวซึ่งเป็นวัสดุหลักของการทำปุ๋ยหมัก ทำการวัดปริมาณก๊าซ NH3 ความชื้น และอุณหภูมิของกองปุ๋ยหมักในวันที่ 1 4 16 32 และ 54 หลังการหมัก และวิเคราะห์คุณสมบัติของปุ๋ยหมักเมื่อสิ้นสุดการหมัก ได้แก่ ค่าความเป็นกรด-ด่าง (pH)ความนำไฟฟ้า (EC) ปริมาณอินทรียวัตถุ ปริมาณไนโตรเจนทั้งหมด และอัตราส่วนคาร์บอนต่อไนโตรเจน (C/N Ratio) ผลการทดลองพบว่าการเติมถ่านแกลบช่วยลดการปลดปล่อยก๊าซ NH3 ได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับกรรมวิธีไม่เติมถ่าน โดยเฉพาะอัตราการเติม 60% ซึ่งสามารถลดการปลดปล่อยก๊าซ NH3 ได้สูงสุด 30.22% ตลอดกระบวนการหมัก นอกจากนี้การเติมถ่านแกลบทุกอัตราส่งผลให้ปริมาณไนโตรเจนทั้งหมดและอินทรียวัตถุเพิ่มขึ้น พร้อมทั้งค่าคาร์บอนต่อไนโตรเจนลดลง ขณะที่ค่า pH และค่าความนำไฟฟ้าไม่แตกต่างกันอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ เมื่อพิจารณาร่วมกันทั้งด้านคุณภาพปุ๋ยหมักการคงอยู่ของไนโตรเจน ต้นทุน และความเหมาะสมเชิงปฏิบัติพบว่าอัตราการเติมถ่านแกลบ 40% เหมาะสมที่สุดภายใต้เงื่อนไขการทดลองนี้ ผลการศึกษาชี้ให้เห็นศักยภาพของถ่านแกลบในการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการผลิตปุ๋ยหมัก ลดการสูญเสียไนโตรเจน และสนับสนุนการจัดการวัสดุเหลือใช้ทางการเกษตรอย่างยั่งยืน
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding rice husk biochar to compost at different rates (0, 20, 40, and 60%) on ammonia (NH3) emissions and compost quality. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 54 days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Rice husk biochar produced by a traditional pyrolysis method was mixed with rice straw and cattle manure, which served as the main composting materials, at the designated ratios. Ammonia emissions, moisture content, and temperature of the compost piles were measured on days 1, 4, 16, 32, and 54 after composting. At the end of the composting period, compost properties were analyzed, including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic matter content, total nitrogen content, and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The results showed that the addition of rice husk biochar significantly reduced NH3 emissions compared with the treatment without biochar, particularly at the 60% application rate, which achieved the greatest reduction in NH3 emissions (up to 30.22%) throughout the composting process. Moreover, all biochar application rates increased total nitrogen and organic matter contents and decreased the C/N ratio, while pH and EC were not significantly different. However, when compost quality, nitrogen retention, cost, and practical applicability were considered together, the 40% rice husk biochar application rate was identified as the most suitable under the experimental conditions. These findings indicate the potential of rice husk biochar to enhance composting efficiency, reduce nitrogen losses, and support the sustainable management of agricultural residues.
Keywords
[1] J. Cao, H. L. Qu, R. R. Li, P. J. Wang, J. J. Fu, and M. J. Chen, “Effects of membrane-covered and biochar on compost quality and greenhouse gas reduction in aerobic composting,” BioResources, vol.19, no. 2, pp. 3475–3488, 2024, doi: 10.15376/biores.19.2.3475-3488.
[2] S. M. Tiquia, N. F. Y. Tam, and I. J. Hodgkiss, “Effects of turning frequency on composting of spent pig-manure sawdust litter,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00080-1.
[3] E. Agyarko-Mintah, A. Cowie, L. V. Zwieten, B. P. Singh, R. Smillie, and S. Harden, “Biochar lower ammonia emission and improves nitrogen retention in poultry litter composting,” Waste Management, vol. 61, pp. 129–137, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.027.
[4] C, Steiner, K. Das, N. Melear, and D. Lakly, “Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar,” Journal of Environment Quality, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1236– 1242, 2010, doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0337.
[5] M. K. Awasthi, Q. Wang, H. Huang, R. Li, F. Shen, A. H. Lahori, P. Wang, D. Guo, and Z. Zhang, “Role of biochar amendment in mitigation of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission during sewage sludge composting,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 219, pp.270–280, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.047.
[6] C. Kammann, J. Ippolito, N. Hagemann, N. Borchard, M. L. Cayuela, J. M. Estavillo, T. Fuertes-Mendizabal, S. Jeffery, J. Kern, J. Novak, D. Rasse, S. Saarnio, H.-P. Schmidt, K. Spokas, and N. Wrage-Mönnig, “Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden: Knowns, unknowns and future research needs,” Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 114– 139, 2017, doi: 10.3846/16486897.2017.1319375.
[7] G. Agegnehu, A. M. Bass, P. N. Nelson, and M. I. Bird, “Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions,” Soil Research, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2017, doi: 10.1071/SR16242.
[8] J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, “Biochar for environmental management : Science, technology and implementation,” Routledge, 2015, doi 10.4324/978020376226
[9] M. K. Awasthi, M. Wang, H. Chen, Q. Wang, J. Zhao, X. Ren, D. S. Li, S. K. Awasthi, F. Shen, R. Li, and Z. Zhang, “RETRACTED: Heterogeneity of biochar amendment to improve the carbon and nitrogen sequestration through reduce the greenhouse gases emissions during sewage sludge composting,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 224, pp. 428-438, 2017, doi: 10.1016/ j.biortech.2016.11.014.
[10] R. Xiao, M. K. Awasthi, R. Li, J. Park, S. M. Pensky, Q. Wang, J. J. Wang, and Z. Zhang, “Recent developments in biochar utilization as an additive in organic solid waste composting: A review,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 246, pp. 203–213, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017. 08.097.
[11] Z. Sha, Q. Li, T. Lv, T. Misselbrook, and X. Liu, “Response of ammonia volatilization to biochar addition: A meta-analysis,” Science of Total Environment, vol. 655, pp. 1387–1396, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.173.
[12] B. Fungo, Z. Chen, K. Butterbach-Bahl, J. Lehmannn, G. Saiz, V. Braojos, A. Kolar, T. F. Rittl, M. Tenywa, K. Kalbitz, H. Neufeldt, and M. Dannenmann, “Nitrogen turnover and N2O/N2 ratio of three contrasting tropical soils amended with biochar,” Geoderma, vol. 348, pp. 12–20, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma. 2019.03.048.
[13] S. P. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Y. Sun, S. T. Wang, C. H. Shen, Y. Q. Tang, and K. Kida, “Biochar addition reduces nitrogen loss and accelerates composting process by affecting the core microbial community during distilled grain waste composting,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 337, 2021, Art. no. 1235492, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech. 2021.123549.
[14] M. P. Bernal, J. A. Alburquerque, and R. Moral, “Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, pp. 5444– 5453, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.028.
[15] M. K. Awasthi, S. K. Sarsaiya, A. H. Lahori, Q. Wang, P. Wang, R. Li, Z. Zhang, and S. K. S. R. Bux, “Biochar amendment for mitigation of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions during organic waste composting: A review,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 268, pp. 596–610, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.006.
[16] K. Malińska, J. Zabochnicka-Świątek, and M. Dach, “Biochar amendment for reducing gaseous emissions during composting,” Waste Management, vol. 58, pp. 156–164, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.034.
[17] C. Steiner, K. C. Das, N. Melear, and D. Lakly, “Nitrogen retention in compost amended with biochar,” Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 46, pp. 485–493, 2010.
[18] C. C. Tsai and Y. F. Chang, “Nitrogen availability in biochar-amended soils with excessive compost application,” Agronomy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 444, 2020, doi: 10.3390/agronomy10030444.
[19] Land Development Department. (2010, Mar.). Quality compost production. [Online]. Available: http://osd101.ldd.go.th/Q/manual/compost_ guide.pdf (in Thai).
[20] X. Jiang, M. L. Haddix, and M. F. Cotrufo, “Interactions between biochar and soil organic carbon decomposition: Effects of nitrogen and low molecular weight carbon compound addition,” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 100, pp. 92–101, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j. soilbio.2016.05.020.
[21] S. Hemwong, C. Sangrit, P. Phunthupan, S. Butnan, and P. Vityakon, “Rice-derived biochars enhance the yield of spring onion (Allium cepa L. var. Aggregatum), while reducing pesticide contamination in soil plant,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol. 19, no. 1,pp. 349–358, 2021, doi: 10.15666/aeer/1901_ 349358.
[22] K. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Li, P. C. Brookes, J. Xu, and Y. Luo, “The effects of combinations of biochar, lime, and organic fertilizer on nitrification and nitrifiers,” Biology and Fertility Soils, vol. 53, pp. 77–87, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00374-016-1154-0.
[23] R. Li, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Li, L. Wang, and J. Zheng, “Nutrient transformation during aerobic composting of pig manure with biochar prepared at different temperatures,” Environmental Technology, vol.36, no. 5–8, pp. 815–826, 2014, doi: 10.1080/09593330. 2014.951400.
[24] E. Agyarko-Mintah, M. K. Awasthi, L. S. Liu, J. Li, R. Zhang, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “Biochar increases oxygen uptake and reduces nitrogen loss during composting,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 246, pp. 102–110, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.131.
[25] D. Sun, Y. Meng, Q. Liang, X. Jiang, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, and X. Zhang, “Effects of biochar on composting dynamics and oxygen availability,” Waste Management, vol. 61, pp. 229–236, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.026.
[26] T. J. Kinney, C. A. Masiello, B. Dugan, W. C. Hockaday, M. R. Dean, M. D. Zygourakis, and R. Barnes, “Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, pp. 11855–11863, 2012, doi: 10.1021/es302422k.
[27] M. Gray, M. G. Johnson, M. I. Dragila, and M. Kleber, “Water uptake in biochars: The role of porosity and hydrophobicity,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 61, pp. 196–205, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.010.
[28] M. P. Bernal, J. A. Alburquerque, and R. Moral, “Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, pp. 5444– 5453, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.028.
[29] R. T. Haug, The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1993.
[30] M. de Bertoldi, G. Vallini, and A. Pera, “The biology of composting: A review,” Waste Management & Research, vol. 1, pp. 157–176, 1983.
[31] G. Shan, W. Li, Y. Gao, W. Tan, and B. Xi, “Additives for reducing nitrogen loss during composting: A review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 307, 2021, Art. no. 127308, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127308.
[32] S. Qian, X. Zhou, Y. Fu, B. Song, H. Yan, Z. Chen, Q. Sun, H. Ye, and L. Qin, “Biochar-compost as a new option for soil improvement: Application in various problem soils,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 870, 2023, Art. no. 162024, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162024.
[33] B. Ravindran, N. Karmegam, M. K. Awasthi, S. W. Chang, P. K. Selvi, R. Balachandar, S. Chinnappan, N. I. W. Azelee, and G. Munuswamy- Ramanujam, “Valorization of food waste and poultry manure through co-composting amending saw dust, biochar and mineral salts for value-added compost production,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 346, 2022, Art. no. 26442, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126442.
[34] Y. Shin, K. Iwabuchi, and T. Itoh, “Low-temperature biochars are more effective in reducingammonia emissions through various mechanisms during manure composting,” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 26, pp. 138–148, 2024, doi: 10.1007/ s10163-023-01672-1.
[35] J. Zhang, F. Lü, L. Shao, and P. He, “The use of biochar-amended composting to improve the humification and degradation of sewage sludge,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 168, pp. 252–258, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.036.
[36] L. Zhang and X. Sun, “Changes in physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during the two-stage co-composting of green waste with spent mushroom compost and biochar,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 171, pp. 274–284, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.079.
[37] I. López-Cano, A. Roig, M. L. Cayuela, J. A. Alburquerque, and M. A. Sánchez-Monedero, “Biochar improves N cycling during composting of olive mill wastes and sheep manure,” Waste Management, vol. 49, pp. 553–559, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.031.
[38] N. Hagemann, J. Kammann, H.-P. Schmidt, T. Kappler, and S. Behrens, “Biochar effects on nitrogen cycling in soils and compost,” Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 115, pp. 232–243, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.08.003.
[39] C. M. Hung, C. P. Huang, J. W. Cheng, C. W. Chen, and C. D. Dong, “Production and characterization of a high value-added seaweed-derived biochar: Optimization of pyrolysis conditions and evaluation for sediment treatment,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 155, 2021, Art. no. 105071, doi: 1 10.1016/ j.jaap.2021.105071.
[40] J. J. Pulliam, A. Smith, B. Lee, and C. Zhao, “Effect of biochar on nitrogen mineralization during composting,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 54, pp. 125–136, 2025, doi: 10.1002/ jeq2.20617.
[41] E. Abban-Baidoo, M. K. Awasthi, J. Li, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, and X. Liu, “Biochar addition influences carbon and nitrogen dynamics during composting,” Compost Science & Utilization, vol. 32, pp. 45–58, 2024, doi: 10.1080/ 1065657X.2023.2294285.
[42] S. Hemwong, “Effects of rice husk charcoal on growth and yield potential of two rice varieties under saline soil condition,” KMUTT Research and Development Journal, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 457–467, 2021 (in Thai), doi: 10.14456/kmuttrd. 2021.7.
DOI: 10.14416/j.kmutnb.2026.06.001
ISSN: 2985-2145
Email this article 
Hide
Show all