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Effect of Altitude and Hydrophilic Pre-Extraction on the Phytoextract and Pyrolytic Product Distribution of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper)

Yanico Hadi Prayogo, Deded Sarip Nawawi, Naresworo Nugroho, Obie Farobie, Jajang Sutiawan, Widya Fatriasari

Abstract


Feedstock characteristics and pre-treatment strongly influence both biomass conversion processes and the resulting products. This study aims to evaluate the effects of altitude and microwave-assisted pre-extraction of Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult.f.) Backer on its phytoextract and pyrolytic products. Bamboo culms collected from three different elevations were subjected to microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) prior to pyrolysis. The separated extracts were characterized, and the pretreated bamboo samples were subsequently pyrolyzed. The resulting pyrolysis products were also characterized. The results show that MAE pre-treatment alters bamboo morphology, as evidenced by SEM observations indicating more pronounced macrostructural damage. However, the chemical composition of the bamboo powder remained unchanged, as demonstrated by similar FTIR spectral profiles between MAE-treated and untreated samples. Low-altitude bamboo produced extracts with higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant activity. Altitude also influenced product distribution: increasing elevation was associated with higher syngas yields, but lower bio-oil and biochar yields. This trend was less pronounced for MAE-treated samples, which generally exhibited reduced bio-oil and biochar yields. MAE-treated bamboo also produced biochar with a more porous structure. Interestingly, bio-oil derived from MAE-treated bamboo contained higher proportions of carbohydrate derivatives, particularly the rare monosaccharide D-allose (10.46–17.31% of abundance). These findings demonstrate that both feedstock characteristics and MAE pre-treatment significantly affect the properties of phytoextracts, biochar, and bio-oil, particularly in relation to the production of high-value chemicals.

Keywords



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DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.05.011

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