The Effect of CaCl2 Cross-Binding Agent Concentration on Alginate-Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Gel Granules as a Methylene Blue Adsorbent

Firda Dimawarnita, Yora Faramitha, Fayyadh Altamis Erwinsyah, Donny Nugroho Kalbuadi, Indah Puspita Sari, Didiek Hadjar Goenadi, Tiasuri Pangastuti, Pijar Religia

Abstract

Water pollution caused by synthetic dye waste, such as methylene blue, poses a serious environmental problem due to its resistance to natural degradation. This issue can be addressed by utilizing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), which not only helps reduce palm oil industry waste but also produces value-added materials for environmental applications. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) as a crosslinking agent on the synthesis of alginate–CMC gel beads derived from OPEFB, used as adsorbents for methylene blue wastewater. The study was conducted in three stages: synthesis, characterization, and application, using CaCl₂ concentrations of 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. The observed parameters included swelling ratio, functional group interactions (FTIR), surface morphology (SEM), and adsorption capacity for methylene blue. The results indicated that the optimal CaCl₂ concentration was 3%, achieving the highest swelling ratio of 65.35% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.59 mg/g. Characterization results showed that increasing the CaCl₂ concentration led to the formation of a denser gel structure with lower swelling capacity, as supported by SEM images, which revealed more compact surfaces at a 7% concentration. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of ionic crosslinking between the polymer carboxylate groups and Ca²⁺ ions, as indicated by characteristic band shifts at 1614 cm⁻¹. The findings emphasize that controlling the CaCl₂ concentration is crucial for producing gel beads with optimal physical properties and enhanced adsorption performance.

Keywords

References

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DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.06.005

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