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Oyster Shell Utilization in Concrete: A Systematic Review of Performance and Sustainability

Kamel T. Kamel, Mina M. Naseef, Tamer A. Elgoahry

Abstract


The growing need for low-carbon construction materials, coupled with the accumulation of oyster shell waste, has increased interest in its use in sustainable concrete. Although previous reviews have examined individual applications of oyster shell waste, comprehensive comparisons integrating mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability remain limited. This study presents a critical review of oyster shell utilization within an integrated performance-sustainability framework. Four application routes are evaluated: cement replacement using calcined oyster shell powder, fine and coarse aggregate replacement using crushed oyster shell, and micro-filler incorporation using finely ground oyster shell powder. The reviewed studies indicate that performance largely depends on the functional role of oyster shell and the underlying mechanisms involved. These mechanisms include particle packing, clinker dilution, and interfacial transition zone behavior. Reported optimum replacement levels are 5-10% for cement replacement, 5-20% for fine aggregates, ≤15% for coarse aggregates, and approximately 5% for micro-fillers. Fine aggregate and micro-filler applications generally exhibit more stable performance, which is commonly attributed to improved packing density and matrix densification. Cement replacement offers greater CO₂ reduction potential but is constrained by energy-intensive calcination and limited reactivity. Coarse aggregate replacement is generally less effective because of higher porosity and lower particle strength. Several studies also report improved performance in hybrid systems incorporating supplementary cementitious materials or fibers. Overall, the reviewed evidence suggests that fine aggregate and micro-filler applications offer a favorable balance between performance and sustainability. Key research gaps remain in standardized processing methods, long-term durability under coupled environmental exposures, and comprehensive life cycle assessment.

Keywords



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DOI: 10.14416/j.asep.2026.08.007

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