อิฐมวลเบาจากเถ้าแกลบผสมปูนซีเมนต์: แนวทางการประยุกต์เป็นวัสดุก่อสร้างทางเลือก
Lightweight Bricks from Rice Husk Ash Mixed with Cement: A Possibility for Use as Alternative Construction Materials
Abstract
ประเทศไทยเป็นพื้นที่เกษตรกรรมปลูกข้าวที่มีการใช้แกลบเป็นเชื้อเพลิงชีวมวล ซึ่งทำให้ได้เถ้าแกลบเหลือทิ้งเป็นผลพลอยได้จำนวนมาก ดังนั้นงานวิจัยนี้ขอเสนอแนวทางการผลิตอิฐมวลเบาชนิดใหม่โดยใช้เถ้าแกลบที่ได้จากการเผาอิฐของโรงงานในจังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยาผสมกับปูนซีเมนต์เพื่อศึกษาความเป็นไปได้ในการนำมาใช้เป็นวัสดุก่อสร้างทางเลือกสำหรับการทดลองลักษณะสัณฐานและองค์ประกอบของเถ้าแกลบได้ถูกวิเคราะห์ด้วย SEM-EDS จากนั้นทดสอบสมบัติทางกายภาพและสมบัติเชิงกลของอิฐที่ผลิตจากเถ้าแกลบผสมปูนซีเมนต์ (5–30% โดยน้ำหนัก) ได้แก่ ความหนาแน่น การดูดซึมน้ำและความต้านทานแรงอัด ตาม มอก. 2601-2556 (คอนกรีตบล็อกมวลเบาแบบเติมฟองอากาศ) จากผลการวิจัยพบว่าเถ้าแกลบที่ได้หลังจากคัดแยกเพื่อลดขนาดอนุภาคนั้นมีรูปร่างหลายเหลี่ยม มีขนาดอนุภาคเฉลี่ย 14.66 ไมโครเมตร และมีซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์สูงถึงร้อยละ 83.45 ทั้งนี้ อิฐมวลเบาที่ผลิตจากเถ้าแกลบในอัตราส่วนร้อยละ 25–30 โดยน้ำหนักผสมกับปูนซีเมนต์ มีค่าความหนาแน่นอยู่ในช่วง 979–1,000 กิโลกรัมต่อลูกบาศก์เมตร และมีค่าความต้านทานแรงอัด 48.5–58.3 กิโลกรัมต่อตารางเซนติเมตร แสดงให้เห็นว่าอิฐมวลเบาที่ผลิตได้มีน้ำหนักเบาและมีสมบัติเชิงกลอยู่ในเกณฑ์ที่ยอมรับได้สำหรับวัสดุก่อสร้างประเภทอิฐมวลเบาแบบเติมฟองอากาศ (มอก. 2601-2556 ชนิด C10) ยกเว้นค่าการดูดซึมน้ำที่สูงกว่าเกณฑ์ มอก. 2601-2556 กำหนดเพียงเล็กน้อย ผลลัพธ์ดังกล่าวแสดงให้เห็นว่าอิฐมวลเบาที่ผลิตจากเถ้าแกลบผสมปูนซีเมนต์มากกว่าร้อยละ 25 โดยน้ำหนักของเถ้าแกลบมีสมบัติเชิงกลที่นำไปใช้งานได้จริง มีศักยภาพและความเป็นไปได้ในการพัฒนาและประยุกต์ใช้เป็นคอนกรีตบล็อกมวลเบาแบบเติมฟองอากาศ ชนิด C10 ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ด้วยสารก่อฟองเพื่อปรับสมบัติการดูดซึมน้ำให้เป็นไปตามข้อกำหนดของอุตสาหกรรมก่อสร้าง นอกจากนี้งานวิจัยยังสะท้อนถึงการส่งเสริมการใช้ประโยชน์จากของเสียทางการเกษตรให้มีมูลค่าเพิ่ม พร้อมทั้งสนับสนุนแนวทางการพัฒนาอุตสาหกรรมอย่างยั่งยืน
Thailand is an agricultural country where rice husks are widely used as biomass fuel, resulting in a large quantity of rice husk ash as a byproduct. Therefore, this research proposes the production of novel lightweight bricks using rice husk ash obtained from brick firing at factories in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, mixed with cement, to evaluate its feasibility as an alternative construction material. For the experiment, the morphology and composition of rice husk ash were analyzed by SEM-EDS. The physical and mechanical properties of the bricks produced from rice husk ash (5–30% by weight) mixed with cement, including density, water absorption, and compressive strength, were then tested according to TIS 2601-2556 (Cellular lightweight concrete blocks using preformed foam). From the results, it was found that the rice husk ash after sieving for particle size reduction has a polygonal shape, an average particle size
of 14.66 μm, and a high silicon dioxide (SiO2) content of 83.45%. The lightweight bricks produced from rice husk ash mixed with cement at 25–30% by weight have a density in the range of 979–1,000 kg/m3, and a compressive strength of 48.5–58.3 kg/cm2. This indicates that the bricks are lightweight and have acceptable mechanical properties for aerated lightweight concrete block materials (TIS 2601-2556, C10), except for water absorption, which slightly exceeds the limit specified in the TIS 2601-2556 standard. These results show that lightweight bricks produced from rice husk ash mixed with cement containing more than 25% by weight of rice husk ash have adequate mechanical properties and the potential to be effectively developed and applied as aerated lightweight concrete blocks (C10 standard), with the addition of a foaming agent to adjust water absorption properties to meet the requirements of the construction industry. In addition, this research promotes the utilization of agricultural waste for value addition and supports the development of sustainable practices in the industry.
Keywords
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DOI: 10.14416/j.kmutnb.2026.06.004
ISSN: 2985-2145
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